The Arab-Israeli Conflict Essay - 1311 Words

The Arab-Israeli Conflict The Arab Israeli conflict has gone on for many years. There have been many wars, terrorist attacks and peace treaties between Israel and the Arab countries. Through war and Treaties Israel has gained and lost alot of land. There have been 4 major wars between Israel and The Arab countries, as well as terrorist attacks. The reason for many of these attacks include land, claim of the country and anti-semitisem. Israel which is only 8,000 square miles is on the Mediterranean sea which is very good for its ports which are good for shipping and trade. The first of the wars involving the Arabs and the Israelis was the First Palestinian War which took place between 1947†¦show more content†¦In 1979 the Arab Israeli conflict took a turn for the good when Israel and Egypt Signed a peace treaty at Camp David. The treaty was a trade that Israel would Give Egypt The Sinai Peninsula and Egypt would have peace with Israel. In 1994 Yitzhak Rabin Prime Minister of Israel and Yasser Arifat head Of the Palestine Liberation Organization signed a peace treaty that Israel gave the Palistine Liberation Organization the Gaza Strip and the West Bank and Israel got peace, but after the treaty was signed there were still many terrorist attacks on Israel and November 4th 1995 Prime Minister Rabin was assassinated by a Israel man who saw that the peace treaty wasnt working and didnt believe in trading land that Israel fought for in many wars for peace that wasnt working. In 1996 Israel signed a peace treaty with Jordan. Israel is currently Trying to make a treaty with Syria but It hasnt happened yet because Syria wants The Golan Hights an Israel dosent wasnt to give it to them. Since 1947 Israel has had war with many Arab countries. They have gained alot of land through war but later gave it away in peace treaties. There are many people who disagree in giving away the land. The Arab Israeli conflict has gotten alot better over the year. They were not directly involved in any wars since 1973 and they have made peace with many countries.Show MoreRelatedThe Arab-Israeli Conflict1427 Words   |  6 PagesThe Arab-Israeli dispute is among the centermost issues facing the Middle East today. The conflict itself has spawned a number of wars, myriad militant skirmishes, and several embargos, as well as a lasting peace between Israel and a number of its former opponents. The conflict today is waged primarily between Israelis and the Arab Palestinians that inhabit Israeli territory. The Arab-Israeli dispute is rooted in the separate movements of Zionism and Arab-nationalism. Zionism is an historical movementRead MoreThe Arab Israeli Conflict Essay1263 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to an apocryphal story, Pope John Paul once said that he believes there are two possible solutions to the Arab-Israeli conflict, the realistic and the miraculous. The realistic being divine intervention, and the miraculous being a voluntary agreement by both parties. On September 13th, 1993, it looked like the miraculous had happened when the Oslo Accords were signed by Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) Chairman Yasser Arafat on the White HouseRead MoreThe Arab Israeli Conflict883 Words   |  4 PagesMy chosen subteam for this negotiation is based on a Fundamentalist Christians opinion. As I had the chance to learn previously, Christians fully support the relocation of Jews in this conflict. This is because one of the main roots of the Arab-Israeli Conflict starts by  the Movement of Zionism. The Bible is interpreted by man y religions in many different ways, however the Christian Zionists belief in a series of Biblical Philosophies and Prophecies. Some of this prophecies are events that have alreadyRead MoreThe Conflict Of The Arab Israeli Conflict1420 Words   |  6 Pageswords have been devoted to the topic of Israel and the underlying causes of the Arab-Israeli conflict; all of which seek to discern the culprit and contrive a remedy. The story behind this age old conflict is, as quoted by Israeli historian Illan Pappe, â€Å"the simple but horrific story of the ethnic cleansing of Palestine† (qtd. In â€Å"The Catastrophe†). As such, thorough review of the causes behind this ethnocentric conflict is vital in understanding the tumultuous power struggle in Israel and the violentRead MoreArab Israeli Conflict 883 Words   |  4 Pages1.1 WHAT IS THE ARAB ISRAELI CONFLICT? The Arab-Israeli conflict is a hotly contested issue both in the Middle East and the broader global community.1 The modern conflict is essentially a dispute over the area known up until 1948 as Palestine, which is considered holy to all three major monotheistic religions.2 The primary parties in the conflict are Israeli (formerly Zionist) Jews and Palestinian Arabs (who are predominately Muslim).3 It is one of the unresolved problems bequeathed to the regionRead MoreThe Arab Israeli Conflict And Arab Palestinian Conflict3221 Words   |  13 PagesThe  Arab–Israeli conflict  is the political and military conflict between the nation of Israel and specific Arab countries. The Arab–Israeli conflict began in the late 19th century as a result of the rise of Zionism and Arab nationalism. The two sides have fought over land that both parties regard as their holy land. The Jews looked to reclaim the land promised to them by God after their escape from slavery in Egypt. The Arabs, who already resided on and owned the land, looked to maintain their ownershipRead MoreThe Arab Israeli Conflict Of Palestine Essay1198 Words   |  5 PagesThe Arab-Israeli conflict began in 1948, when the British Mandate over Palestine ended. Resulting in the proclamation that established the Jewish state in Eretz Israel. The conflict was a struggle between the Jewish state or Israel and the Arabs of the Middle East concerning the territory and control over Palestine. The geographical area and political status of Palestine has changed dramatically over the years, but the region as always been considered Holy Land. This Holy Land is sacred among theRead MoreThe Arab-Israeli Conflict Essays649 Words   |  3 Pages The current conflict in the Middle East between the Israeli Jews and the Palestinian Arabs has many historical roots. Several events in the history of this conflict have been very important and also have a strong connection with the current situation between the two sides. One of these important events was the Nazi Holocaust. During the Second World War the Jews were persecuted by the Nazis and sent to concentration camps. By the end of the war in 1945 6 million JewsRead MoreThe Arab-Israeli Conflict Essay1856 Words   |  8 Pages Your Name Pol 340-01 March 20, 2008 Term Paper The Arab- Israeli Conflict The Arab- Israeli Conflict is a conflict between the Arab and Jewish people in the Middle East over Israel and Palestine. This conflict has led to wars and millions of displaced people. This particular conflict has historical origins in the lives of the Arab and Jewish people. â€Å"The beginning of Zionism and the Arab-Israeli Conflict explain the basic principles of this complicated dispute†(Frankel 17)Read MoreArab-Israeli Conflict Essay1762 Words   |  8 Pages Arab-Israeli Conflict During the First World War (1914-1918), Britain met with problems concerning promises made, yet not being kept. Britain, knowing that it needed all the help it could get against the German allies, promised land to people who desperately wanted it. However, as it was revealed Britain had no intention of honouring their word. The first promise to be made was to the Arabs, in a desperate attempt to overpower one of the countries the British were

Nature good or bad Free Essays

string(49) " first parents were not left without guidelines\." This is partly because human nature can e regarded as both a source of norms of conduct or ways of life, as well as presenting obstacles or constraints on living a good life. The complex implications of such questions are also dealt with in art and literature, while the multiple branches of the Humanities together form an important domain of Inquiry Into human nature, and the question of what It Is to be human. Is It good or evil? The nature of humankind has been explored endlessly, with no definitive answers. We will write a custom essay sample on Nature good or bad or any similar topic only for you Order Now What people believe the nature of humans to be is a very personal belief. That belief s shaped by the religion they follow, the culture they grew up in, and by their life experiences. What people believe has a large elm[act on the way they live their lives. It Is the pylons of this writer that people are Inherently good. This writer’s pylons that people are Inherently good has developed gradually over time. One reason for this viewpoint is the fact that I believe we are all created in God’s image by God to serve him. If that is truly the case, then I feel that people would be inherently good, as God is. It is this writer’s belief that God would not create someone who was inherently evil. People do sin, and some people could even be considered ‘evil,’ but overall I feel that most people do try and lead a good life by being kind to others and helping those In need. Another reason for my belief Is the culture that I have grown up in. This may seem strange, since many people complain that our society is too filled with violence and other ‘bad’ things. However, the very presence of such arguments about our society shows this writer that most people do not find violence at violent programming or acts, society tells people what it rely values: love and peace. If violence did not bother people, then there would not be the debate that exists today. Therefore, the belief that people are inherently good is supported by the culture that I grew up in. The experiences that one has throughout their life also shape their belief. In my life, I have had many experiences that reinforce my belief that people are inherently good. I have seen people unselfishly helping others in many circumstances. Many people give blood to save some stranger they will never meet. A woman Just donated part of her liver to a young girl she did not know so that the girl could live. Others donate millions to feed starving children , donate their time to teach people the bible so they could have a better life. These people undergo pain to help others; with no reward for themselves other than knowing they did a good thing. When people have tragedy strike them, the community will surround them with support. One example was the earthquake in 2010 that destroyed my country people came from almost every where to help with many different things, from food to clothing to shelter. In daily life, one can usually find many examples of people helping people, I my self donate my time regularly my time to teach the bible o others to help them bring changes it sir lives and I know more than 9 millions are doing the same thing, and this has been an important factor in shaping my belief. If people were not good, then I do not feel that one would be able to find these things occurring with such frequency. But why are we in that situation where we some times have a tendency of doing ABA things? What the scientist think? SCIENTISTS are hard at work to try to find genetic causes for alcoholism, homosexuality, promiscuity, violence, other aberrant behavior, and even for death itself. Would it not e a relief to find that we are not responsible for our actions but are merely victims of biology? It is human nature to blame someone or something else for our errors. If the genes are to blame, scientists hold out the possibility of changing them, eliminating undesirable traits through genetic engineering. The recent success in mapping the entire human genome has given such aspirations new impetus. This scenario, however, is based on the premise that our genetic endowment is, indeed, the villain responsible for all our sins and errors. Have the scientific detectives found enough evidence to make a case against our genes? Obviously, the answer will profoundly affect how we see ourselves and our future. Before examining the evidence, though, a look at mankind’s origin will prove enlightening. How It All Started Most people are familiar with, or at least have heard of, the account about the fall of the first human pair, Adam and Eve, in the garden of Eden. Were they made with some intrinsic defect in the genes right from the start, a sort of design flaw that predisposed them to sin and disobedience? Their Creator, Jehovah God, whose works are all perfect, proclaimed that his crowning earthly creation was â€Å"very DOD. † (Genesis 1 :31; Deuteron 32:4) As further evidence of his satisfaction with his work, he gave the first couple his blessing and instructed them to be fruitful, to fill the earth with human creatures, and to take charge of his earthly creation?hardly the actions of someone uncertain of his handiwork. ?Genesis 1:28. Regarding the creation of the first human pair, the Bible tells us: â€Å"God proceeded to create the man in his image, in God’s image he created him; male and female he created in physical appearance, for â€Å"God is a Spirit. † Noon 4:24) Rather, it means that human returns were endowed with godly qualities and a sense of morality, a conscience. (Romans 2:14, 15) They were also free moral agents, capable of weighing a matter and deciding on the action to take. However, our first parents were not left without guidelines. You read "Nature good or bad" in category "Papers" Rather, they were warned of the consequences of wrongdoing. Genesis 2:17) So the evidence indicates that when Adam was faced with a moral decision, he chose to do what to him seemed expedient or advantageous at the time. He followed his wife in her wrongdoing instead of considering his relationship with his Creator or the long-term effects of his action. He also tried later to shift the blame to Jeho vah, saying that the wife He had provided misled him. ?Genesis 3:6, 12; 1 Timothy 2:14. God’s response to the sin of Adam and Eve is revealing. He did not try to correct some ‘design flaw’ in their genes. Rather, he carried out what he told them would be the consequences of their actions, which led to their eventual death. (Genesis 3:17-19) This early history sheds much light on the nature of human behavior. The Evidence Against Biology For a long time, scientists have been tackling the monumental task of finding genetic causes and cures for human pathology and behavior. After ten years of work by six teams of researchers, the gene linked to Huntington disease was isolated, although the researchers have no idea how the gene causes the disease. However, reporting on this research, Scientific American quoted Harvard biologist Even Balkan, who said that it would be â€Å"almost infinitely harder to discover genes for behavioral disorders. † In fact, research attempting to link specific genes to human behavior has been unsuccessful. For instance, in Psychology Today, a report on efforts to find genetic causes for depression states: â€Å"Epidemiological data on the major mental illnesses make it clear that they can’t be reduced to purely genetic causes. The report gives an example: â€Å"Americans born before 1905 had a 1 percent rate of depression by age 75. Among Americans born a half century later, 6 percent become depressed by age 24! † It thus concludes that only external or social factors can bring about such dramatic changes in such a short time. What do these and numerous other studies tell us? While genes may play a role in shaping our personalities, there clearly are other influences. A major fa ctor is our environment, which has undergone addict changes in modern times. Concerning what today’s youth are exposed to in popular entertainment, the book Boys Will Be Boys observes that it is unlikely that children will develop sound moral principles when they â€Å"grow up watching tens of thousands of hours of TV shows and films in which people are assaulted, shot, stabbed, disemboweled, chopped up, skinned, or dismembered, when children grow up listening to music which glorifies rape, suicide, drugs, alcohol, and bigotry. † Clearly, Satan, â€Å"the ruler of this world,† has shaped an environment that caters to man’s baser desires. And who can deny the powerful influence that such an environment exerts on all of us? ?John 12:31; Ephesians 6:12; Revelation 12:9, 12. The Root of Mankind’s Trouble As we have already seen, mankind’s problems started when the first human pair sinned. The result? While generations of Dam’s offspring are not responsible for Dam’s sin, they nonetheless are all born with si n, imperfection, and death as their entered into the world and death through sin, and thus death spread to all men because they had all sinned. â€Å"?Romans 5:12. Man’s imperfection puts him at a decided disadvantage. But that does not absolve him of all moral responsibility. The Bible shows that those who put faith in Jehovah provision for life and conform their lives to God’s standards will have his approval. Out of his loving-kindness, Jehovah made a merciful provision to redeem mankind, to buy back, as it were, what Adam had lost. That provision is the ransom sacrifice of his perfect Son, Jesus Christ, who said: â€Å"God loved the world so much that he gave his only-begotten Son, in order that everyone exercising faith in him might not be destroyed but have everlasting life. â€Å"? John 3:16; 1 Corinthians 15:21, 22. The apostle Paul expressed his deep appreciation for this provision. He exclaimed: â€Å"Miserable man that I am! Who will rescue me from the body undergoing this death? Thanks to God through Jesus Christ our Lord! † (Romans 7:24, 25) Paul knew that if he succumbed to sin out of weakness, he could ask God’s forgiveness on the basis of the ransom sacrifice of Jesus Christ. * As in the first century, today many who formerly led very bad lives or whose situation seemed hopeless have come to an accurate knowledge of Bible truth, made the necessary changes, and come in line for God’s blessing. The changes they had to cake were not easy, and many still have to contend with harmful tendencies. But with God’s help, they are able to maintain integrity and find Joy in serving him. (Philippians 4:13) we have in this society many example of people who started in a way with a bad life but turn around to do good things , have a complete change in their lives in order to please God or to have a better life for them self. Therefore Wearer Responsible Trying to pin the entire blame for our misconduct on our genes simply does not work. Rather than helping us to solve or overcome our problems, notes Psychology Today, ongoing so â€Å"may be teaching us a helplessness that is at the root of many of our problems. Instead of reducing the incidence of these problems, this seems to have fueled their growth. † It is true that we must contend with major adverse forces, including our own sinful tendencies and Satin’s efforts to distract us from obeying God. (1 Peter 5:8) It is also true that our genes may influence us in one way or another. But we are surely not helpless. True Christians have powerful allies? Jehovah, Jesus Christ, God’s holy spirit, his Word the Bible, and the Christian negotiation. Therefore the way one view the nature of human beings is very important as it shapes the way they look at their world. In this case, I must disagree with the â€Å"Theory that say people were born evil. † as I feel that people are inherently good. Most people will choose to be good over evil, and will help their fellow human beings without asking what they are to get from their actions. While there is evil in the world, it is the exception to the norm, and overall it is this my opinion that people can choose to be good . New world translation 2013 edition How to cite Nature good or bad, Papers

Literature Review On Project Economic Analysis And Methodology

Question: Discuss about the Economic Analysis And Methodology. Answer: Introduction This project report will be developed on the basis on assignment 1. As in the previous assignment literature review on project economic analysis and methodology has been done and in this paper financial model will be developing that includes assumptions, risks, cash flows i.e outflows and inflows, constraints, interest rate and the further economic analysis and after that on which basis financial model will be developed. This report is developed in relation with providing a proper set of information related. It is required that the previous aspects related with the project should be focused upon in an appropriate manner so as to ensure that the project could get completed accurately with less investment. This report will also avail the information related with cash inflows and the outflows so that projects could be completed in a proper manner and assurance could be made that less investment will be done and more return will be earned by the company on a particular project. In this project report, option pricing financial model will be taken as this is suitable for the undertaken project report. Financial Model Of The Case Project Option pricingfinancial model - This model is used to calculate the value of company stock like theoretical values of option. This model is useful for the organization to calculate the value of underlying prices, strike prices as well as to predict the future value of some factors like calculating the theoretical value of the particular options for a particular time period. As the value of options keep fluctuating according to the option life.(Pandey, 2008). Assumptions including interest rates, inflation, project life Various assumptions are behind the Option Pricing model, some of the assumptions are as follows- Continuous Volatility- one of the most beneficial assumption of this model is volatility, an evaluation of quantity of stock could be expected to move in upcoming period is stable over a time. Constant interest rates and known- In this model, one of the important assumptions is about the constant interest rates. In order to represent the known and constant rates, risk-free rate is used by this model. Absence of transaction costs and commissions- This model also assumes that there is no cost for transaction such as buying and selling as well as trade barriers are also absent.(Chorafas, 2007). Liquidity- This model assumes perfect liquidity in the market. Beside this, there is possibility to sell or purchase any amount of options or stock at any given time. Log normally distributed returns- One of the assumptions underlies through this model is that, returns on the stock which are underlying can be distributed normally. It is one of the reasonable assumptions in the real world. No dividends- One of the other assumptions underlies with this model are that the stock which is underlain does not pay dividends for the duration of the life of option. Constraints- Each and every model possess some restrictions or limitations. Some of the constraints which are associated with this model and might be constraint for the undertaken project are- Less information- One of the constraints associated with the option model is that, information cannot be assessed easily. Complicated- This project can be said as beginner as it is a new project; and options cause difficulties to the beginners. In earlier phase of the projects, it seems to be easy but later it is identified that the investors as well as the beginners cannot understand the activities well.(Chorafas, 2007). Time decay- At the time of purchasing the option, option`s time value get lessen and for this rule there is no exception. Unavailability of option for all stocks- One of the major constraints by using this model is that options are not available for each stock; it is only available for superior number of stocks. Lower liquidity- volume of individual stock is not much. This constraint can affect the undertaken project`s success as the liquidity of the option stock would have less volume which in turn will deliver lower liquidity. Interest rates- Option pricing model is suitable for the undertaken project. In this pricing model, interest rates are assumed to be stable; this factor will deliver super benefits to the undertaken project. Fluctuations in economy would not be able to affect the rates of interest in the undertaken project in future. This will create a risk- free environment for the undertaken project. Risks- It is important to assess all the risks associated with the undertaken project. As the risk in the project can disturb all the activities carried forward to execute the project and this in turn can affect the business activities, profitability and productivity. Identifying risk would be helpful for the project in term of getting the success of project which is undertaken. Evaluating all the risk factors and working upon them so as to reduce these risk factors will ensure to provide a proper set of support to the company (Chang, 2011). It is required that risk should be analysed and the strategies should be developed which could help in reducing or minimizing the risk factors with the effect of which company could sustain in an appropriate manner. Risk associated with the project is not high as the model used for the undertaken project delivers risk free environment as the interest rates are assumed to be stable. To mitigate risk associated with the less information; more and more information about the option would be assessed. Inflation- Rise in the price of option would not affect the undertaken project as the stability of interest rates would not affect stock. Inflation can affect the amount of options which have higher liquidity. Project Life- Estimated project life would be up to Five years. Cash inflow and Outflow -Managing cash inflow and outflow is another important aspect that need to be considered in respect with this undertaken project. It is required that the organizations indulged in this project so it should have the eye on all the cash inflows and outflows (Movahedian Attar, et. al., 2013). It is required that the organizations should have proper set of knowledge about what they are purchasing and what they are selling, in what quantity organization is purchasing the projects and services and in what quantity the sale is being done. Company will only be able to ensure that its project is being successfully developed when its cash inflow will be more than the cash outflow because it will help the company to grow stringer in the market and to ensure that it could work on various other projects so as to sustain and ensure the success of the project.(Byoun, Kim, Yoo, 2013) Cash inflow and outflow of an organization The cash flow statement is used to calculate the cash inflow and outflow of an undertaken project. That means it summarize the cash receipts (where cash comes from) and cash paid (where cash has gone). This makes the balance between the income statement and balance sheet. As it is analysed that this statement is made up from the three categories:(Cadle, Yeates, 2008) Operating statement Investing statement Financial statement Economic analysis Operating statement These statement is to be made on daily basis as it includes inventory purchases, selling products, wages that needs to be paid, operating expenses that are to be paid. This section is linked with the current liabilities and current assets. As it is shown in the above statement the net cash flow operating activity of the undertaken project is calculated as 147900. Investing activities Investing activities includes the cash receipts that are occurred from selling the equipment and property, collecting loans, selling of investment securities. It also includes the cash paid to purchasing property, payment of loan, purchasing of investment securities, etc. and as given in the statement the current cash flow that is generating for the undertaken project is to be calculated as 41400. Financial activity Financial activity includes cash receipts from stock issuance, borrowing, etc. and cash paid to stock repurchase, loans repayment, dividends etc. and it is analysed that net cash flow from financing activities for an undertaken project is to be calculated as 87000. At last 19500 will be the revenue of the undertaken project which is shown as net increase in cash in the above cash flow statement.(Phillips, Phillips, 2010). Conclusion - On the basis of above cash flow statement, it is analysed that the undertaken project will be beneficial as it shows the net increment into the cash which is 19500 and that will be the generated revenue of this project. This project is suitable to implement as it is described above that the financial model which will be applied in this project will be best as interest rate cannot affect option pricing model because in this model interest rate is stable and does not fluctuate with the continuous movement of the market. So, this project can deliver benefit to the company so this this can be executed.(Yang, 2013). Conclusion With the help of the report developed it could be concluded that the organisations in present scenario should indulge in the market and competitive analysis aspects so as to gather appropriate set of information related with the project. Gaining appropriate set of information related with the financial analysis and various risk factors attached with the project will help the company to sustain in the market and will help in providing proper set of support to the company. In this undertaken project option pricing model will be used by which company can get maximum benefit as there is no possibility of risks as interest rate is stable in this model. It is required that the companies should work on the path of success and sustainability as it will help the company in developing various new and effective set of strategies with the help of which company will be able to complete all the project with quality and within the deadlines which are planned by it. Completion of one project helps the company in getting another with the help of which it could attain competitive advantage and could earn better amount. References Byoun, S., Kim, J., Yoo, S. (2013). Risk Management with Leverage: Evidence from Project Finance. Journal Of Financial And Quantitative Analysis, 1-65. Cadle, J., Yeates, D. (2008). Project management for information systems. Harlow, England: Financial Times/Prentice Hall. Chang, Y. (2011). Does RFID improve firms financial performance? an empirical analysis. Information Technology And Management, 12(3), 273-285. Chorafas, D. (2007). Risk management technology in financial services. Burlington, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann. Fewings, P. (2013).Construction project management. 1st ed. New York: Spon Press/Routledge. James, P. (2014). Project Financial Management and Modern Financial Slavery: The Case of a KSA Metro Project Start-up. Asian Journal Of Finance Accounting, 6(2), 278. Laumen, M., Kaufmann, T., Timms, D., Schlanstein, P., Jansen, S., Gregory, S. et al. (2010). Flow Analysis of Ventricular Assist Device Inflow and Outflow Cannula Positioning Using a Naturally Shaped Ventricle and Aortic Branch. Artificial Organs, 34(10), 798-806. Movahedian Attar, A., Khanzadi, M., Dabirian, S. and Kalhor, E. (2013). Forecasting contractor's deviation from the client objectives in prequalification model using support vector regression.International Journal of Project Management, 31(6), pp.924-936. Pandey, D. (2008). Rural project management. New Delhi: New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers. Phillips, J. and Phillips, P. (2010). The power of objectives: Moving beyond learning objectives.Performance Improvement, 49(6), pp.17-24. Velez-Pareja, I. (2012). Financial Analysis and Control - Financial Ratio Analysis (Slides). SSRN Electronic Journal, 28(1), 123-124. Yang, L. (2013). Key practices, manufacturing capability and attainment of manufacturing goals: The perspective of project/engineer-to-order manufacturing.International Journal of Project Management, 31(1), pp.109-125.